Diabetes mellitus is a pathology related to the group of endocrine diseases.It is associated with a disorder of the glucose assimilation process.The violation develops due to the absolute or relative insufficiency of insulin, the hormone responsible for its processing.In a patient with diabetes, hyperglycemia is found.
This condition is characterized by a persistent increase in glucose in plasma.The patient has a violation of all types of metabolism: water salt, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals.The disease has a chronic course.Diabetes mellitus belongs to common ailments.It is detected in almost 6% of the world population.
The causes of diabetes
The reasons for the development of diabetes patients of the first and second types are different in patients.The first type of disease is detected in young patients under thirty years.The violation of insulin production occurs when the pancreas is damaged by the autoimmune genesis.With him, there is a destruction of ß cell insulin.
In most patients, this pathology occurs after viral infection.Very often, epidemic paper, indigenous rubella, viral hepatitis.This pathological condition can also be developed after a toxic effect on the body with the following substances: nitrosamines, pesticides, some medications.
These substances contribute to a violation of the immune response and the appearance of autoimmune reactions.The effect of altered immune cells on the Pancreas Langerganes Islands causes their death.In this sense, insulin production is reduced.This condition develops when more than 80% of these cells are affected.
In the second type of disease, the insensitivity of all cells to insulin occurs.The level of insulin in plasma is normal or increases, but the cells do not perceive it.There are a majority of these patients with diabetes.Glucose tolerance arises for the following reasons:
- Genetic predisposition.Such patients have relatives with diabetes.If both parents suffer, the probability of inheritance of predisposition to it increases to 70%.
- Obesity.With a large amount of adipose tissue in the body, its insulin sensitivity decreases.
- Irrational nutrition.With the predominance of simple carbohydrates and the lack of fiber in food, it increases the risk of diabetes.
- Cardiovascular pathology.The serious forms of these diseases: atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, arterial hypertension lead to an increase in tissue insulin resistance.
- Chronic stress.In this state, the level of catecholamines and glucocorticoids increases.This contributes to the development of diabetes.
- Taking some drugs.The drug group that increase the risk of diabetes includes: synthetic, diuretic glucocorticoids, part of antihypertensive medications, cytostatic.
- Chronic adrenal cortex insufficiency.This disease increases the risk of tissue insulin resistance.
As a result, glucose penetration in cells decreases and its level in the blood increases.
Diabetes symptoms
- insatiable thirst;
- Fast urine that leads to dehydration;
- dry mouth;
- greater fatigue;
- general weakness;
- Minor skin lesions slowly cure;
- vomit;
- constant nausea;
- the patient acetone smell;
- breathing duties;
- heartbeat;
- skin itch;
- fast weight loss;
- frequent urine;
- Reducing visual acuity.
When these signs appear, you should immediately consult a doctor to test the blood sugar level.
Types of diabetes
The pathology, depending on the causes, is divided into several types.The following types of disease are distinguished: type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, specific forms and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes
Option 1 of the type occurs with a lack of insulin production in the body.This is a hormone that regulates the metabolism of glucose in the tissues.Its lack of yourself occurs due to damage to the beta cells of the pancreas due to the development of autoimmune reactions.
The immune system is damaged and produces antibodies against body tissues.This situation occurs after viral infections, severe stress, the effects of other adverse factors.
The disease often occurs in young people and children.The disease has a sudden beginning.Their symptoms are pronounced, since the cells are quickly found in a state of starvation.A very high glucose level is detected, often reaches up to 30 mmol/l in the blood.
A variety of 1 variant of the disease is considered lada diabetes.This is autoimmune diabetes that occurs in adults, with a characteristic latent course.For him, a typical insulin decrease in blood and normal weight.
Type 2 diabetes
With type 2 diabetes, insulin secretion does not suffer.In the blood there is an excess level of this hormone.The cells in the body will lose sensitivity to the action of a substance.In patients, insulin resistance develops.About 90% of all people identified with diabetes are patients with the second type of disease.This version of diabetes is often developed in people with obesity after 40 years.
Among concomitant diseases are detected: atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension.The disease has a gradual beginning.His symptoms are scarce.The glucose level increases moderately.Antibodies are not detected to pancreatic cells.This situation contributes to the patient's late appeals to the doctor when complications appeared.
Diabetes complications
They separate acute and chronic complications from the disease.Acute complications develop rapidly and require emergency hospitalization.These include the following states:
- Hypoglycemia.In this state, the glucose level is well reduced.It occurs with an insulin overdose, premature food, physical tension.The patient is hungry, a feeling of tremor in his hands, dizziness, sweating, aggression.Then the conscience is broken.
- Ketoacidosis.With him, the glucose level is growing.It does not enter the cells and accumulates in the blood.The condition is manifested by a decrease in appetite, dry skin, thirst.The smell of acetone comes from the patient.Confusion appears, drowsiness.
- Hyperosmolar coma.It is characterized by an increase in blood glucose with general dehydration.
- Coma lactatat-acidotic.The condition occurs in the elderly in the presence of respiratory and cardiovascular system disorders due to the starvation of oxygen.
Patients with signs of these pathological conditions need immediate medical care.
In late complications, vascular and nervous system injuries are observed.Diabetic angiopathy is a massive defeat of blood vessels.It extends to the vessels of any caliber.Microangiopathies cause the appearance of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy.Macroangiopathy is surprising in the glasses of the heart, the brain and the arteries of the lower extremities.
Diabetes diagnosis
If this disorder is suspected, the following studies are prescribed:
- blood glucose level;
- urine analysis for glucose bodies and ketones;
- glycosylated hemoglobin test;
- P-pepper in the blood;
- Stress test (determination of glucose tolerance).
To identify complications, an ultrasound scan of the kidneys, the EEG of the brain, the reoenphalography and the rear legs of the legs are prescribed.
Diabetes treatment
The execution of the doctor's recipes should be observed strictly.Blood sugar and pharmacological treatment are carried out with this disease are carried out for life.These measures slow down the pathological process and avoid complications.
The treatment of pathology implies a decrease in blood glucose, as well as the normalization of metabolism and prevent the development of complications.
Diabetes diet
Diet therapy is the basis of treatment.The diet is prescribed, taking into account body weight, age, level of physical activity.The patient is taught the principle of calculating the calorie content of the dishes, it must contain the required number of all nutrients.
| That can be eaten | You can't eat |
|---|---|
|
|
* The table presents an incomplete list of products.To compile a correct and complete diet, consult a specialist.
The principle of a diet in this disease:
- It is necessary to eliminate products that quickly increase blood glucose concentration.This is a high content of starch, sugar, fructose.
- Reduce total calorie content.The energy value of the dishes is the number of calories spent.
- It is necessary to observe a diet of six pillars.
With diabetes, it is important to eat food regularly.If the patient adheres to a diet, this only allows him to improve the patient's condition.In a mild form of the disease, only energy correction is omitted.
It is preferable to use low food in heats.They must be rich in proteins, vegetable fiber and dietary fiber.
Limit products that contain a large number of animal fats, rapid carbohydrates, fructose.Eliminate all products with a high glycemic index.Alcohol in diabetes is also prohibited.
Insulin therapy
The introduction of insulin is carried out according to the scheme recommended by the doctor.At the same time, glucose levels systematically control.Insulins occur in three types: short, prolonged, intermediate action.
The prolonged medication is administered once a day.Compliance with a scheme selected individually for the use of intermediate and short insulin allows you to achieve compensation for the disease.
Self -control glycemia level
The self -control of the blood glucose content is carried out daily.Modern glucometers allow you to do this anywhere, at home and at work at a convenient time.The device helps elaborate a balanced diet, develop a plan for physical activity, determine insulin time and medications.The measurement reveals hypoglycemia and helps maintain the concentration of glucose in normal.
Saharasses
Tablet sugar agents are prescribed for diabetes of the second type as an addition to a diet.Such groups are distinguished:
- Sulfonylmochevins derivatives- Stimulate pancreatic insulin secretion, facilitates glucose penetration in cells;
- Biguanides- Reduce glucose absorption in the intestinal wall;
- Meglitinides- Reduce sugar levels, stimulate insulin secretion;
- ALFA-GLUCOSIDASA inhibitors- slows down the growth of sugar levels, inactivating enzymes for starch absorption;
- TIAZOLIDINDO- Reduce the amount of sugar released from liver cells, improve the susceptibility of insulin cells.
With diabetes, it is important to control the health and state of the patient to avoid acute changes in glucose levels.
Diabetes prevention
Patients with diabetes should be constantly observed with an endocrinologist: they will help organize the correct lifestyle, the diet and the necessary treatment.It is important to prevent the development of acute and chronic complications.Patients with type I diabetes are recommended to increase body resistance to infections, and patients with a type II do not allow the development of obesity.
Conclusion
Diabetes mellitus is classified as serious diseases.In the absence of treatment, serious complications are developed that threaten life.If symptoms of sugar appear, you should consult a doctor and not itself.